TAHUN 2012 SEBAGAI TAHUN KEMUNDURAN BAGI PEMENUHAN HAK-HAK KORBAN PELANGGARAN HAM
Pengantar
Catatan akhir tahun 2012 ini kami keluarkan bersamaan dengan ulang tahun ke-30 pengesahan Deklarasi PBB untuk Penghilangan Paksa oleh PBB tahun 1992 dan ulang tahun ke-6 pengesahan Konvensi PBB untuk Penghilangan Paksa 2006 . Kedua dokumen PBB itulah yang menjadi landasan komunitas internasional bagi dihentikannya paktik penghilangan paksa (enforced disappearances), sekaligus keharusan untuk menghukum pelaku dan memenuhi hak-hak para keluarga korban.
Momentum peringatan kedua dokumen induk mengenai penghilangan paksa ini jatuh bersamaan dengan ini 14 tahun terjadinya kasus penghilangan paksa para aktivis prodemokrasi 1997/1998. Kasus yang menjadi pembongkar kotak pandora peristiwa penghilangan orang-orang dalam sejarah modern Indonesia itu kini sedang ditangani oleh pemerintah setidaknya selama 7 tahun terakhir.
Namun sayangnya, pada tahun 2012 ini kami mencatat bahwa situasi perlindungan, penegakan dan pemenuhan HAM pada tahun ini masih sangat jauh dari apa yang kami harapkan. Lebih dari itu kami mencatat bahwa tahun 2012 ini justru menjadi tahun yang gelap bagi keluarga korban pelanggaran HAM karena janji-janji yang disampaikan oleh para pejabat pemerintah terkait seperti Menkopolhukam (Joko Suyanto), Menhukham (Amir Syamsudin) dan Wantimpres Bidang Hukum dan HAM (Albert Hasibuan) untuk menyelesaikan kasus-kasus pelanggaran HAM ternyata hanya janji belaka. Akibatnya, tahun 2012 ini diwarnai dengan kekecewaan korban yang teramat dalam yang mengakibatkan terpuruknya kondisi keluarga korban pada tataran fisik dan mental.
Hal ini ditandai dengan banyaknya keluarga korban yang minta pelayanan dan bantuan medis dan psikososial kepada Lembaga Perlindungan Saksi dan Korban (LPSK). Namun pelayanan ini masih jauh dari memadai dibandingkan dengan jumlah korban yang membutuhkan layanan tersebut, sehingga banyak sekali korban yang membutuhkan tetapi tidak mendapatkan layanan LPSK. Akibatnya, kami juga mencatat banyaknya keluarga korban pelanggaran HAM yang jatuh sakit hingga meninggal seperti yang terjadi pada salah satu orang tua korban yang sangat aktif berjuang, Ibu Tuti Koto, yang merupakan Ibunda dari Yani Afri atau Rian, salah satu dari 13 korban penghilangan paksa tahun 1997 yang belum ditemukan. Almarhumah Ibu Tuti Koto meninggal pada tanggal 5 November 2012 di rumah sakit ketika sedang dalam penanganan/bantuan LPSK. Almarhumah Ibu Tuti Koto meninggal sebelum menikmati hak-hak sebagai korban yang meliputi keadilan, kebenaran, pemulihan (reparation), kepuasan (satisfaction) dan jaminan ketidakberulangan (guarantee of non-repetition).
Namun IKOHI masih memiliki sedikit harapan kepada pemerintahan SBY, bahwa pada tahun terakhir masa pemerintahannya yaitu tahun 2013, Presiden SBY akan merealisasikan janjinya menyelesaikan kasus pelanggaran HAM yang berat di masa lalu, termasuk kasus penculikan dan penghilangan paksa aktifis tahun 1997-1998. Namun karena kami sadar, satu tahun adalah waktu yang sangat pendek untuk menyelesaikan secara tuntas dan menyeluruh atas kasus-kasus besar tersebut, yang karenanya kami berharap Presiden SBY akan memberikan prioritas-prioritas yang didasarkan pada kebutuhan mendesak para korban dan keluarganya, serta pembuatan landasan kebijakan penegakan hukum, HAM dan keadilan dengan menganut prinsip-prinsip anti impunitas dan penghormatan korban.
Kasus Penculikan dan Penghilangan Paksa Aktifis Prodemokrasi 1997-1998
Salah satu kasus yang menjadi prioritas utama IKOHI dalam kerja-kerja advokasi dan penguatan keluarga korban adalah kasus penculikan dan penghilangan paksa aktifis prodemokrasi tahun 1997-1998. Setelah diperjuangkan oleh keluarga korban serta segenap aktivis hak asasi manusia di seluruh Indonesia selama 14 tahun, baru pada tanggal 28 September 2009, kasus ini mendapatkan momentum penyelesaiannya. Pada hari itu, Rapar Paripurna DPR RI yang membahas kerja Pansus Penghilangan Paksa 1997-1998 di DPR mengeluarkan rekomendasi kepada Presiden RI yang berisi sebagai berikut:
1. Pertama, merekomendasikan kepada presiden untuk membentuk pengadilan HAM ad hoc;
2. Kedua, merekomendasikan kepada presiden serta segenap institusi pemerintah serta pihak-pihak yang terkait untuk segera melakukan pencarian terhadap 13 orang aktivis yang dinyatakan hilang;
3. Ketiga, merekomendasikan kepada pemerintah untuk merehabilitasi dan memberikan kompensasi terhadap keluarga korban yang hilang;
4. Keempat, merekomendasikan kepada pemerintah agar segera meratifikasi konvensi anti penghilangan paksa sebagai bentuk komitmen dan dukungan untuk menghentikan praktik penghilangan paksa di Indonesia.
Sejak rekomendasi tersebut dikeluarkan, hingga saat ini, belum ada langkah nyata yang dilakukan pemerintah. Pemerintah, melalui staf ahli Presiden bidang hukum dan HAM yang kini menjadi Wakil Menteri Hukum dan HAM Denny Indrayana, telah beberapa kali melakukan dialog dan konsultasi dengan keluarga korban maupun dengan pihak-pihak yang terkait kasus penghilangan paksa tersebut. Berbagai gagasan, usulan, maupun saran telah dikemukakan oleh keluarga korban bagaimana seharusnya pemerintah mengimplementasikan rekomendasi DPR tersebut sebagai bentuk tanggung jawab konstitusionalnya. Di dalam UUD 1945 dengan tegas dinyatakan dalam Pasal 28 D ayat 1 yang menyebutkan bahwa, “Setiap orang berhak atas pengakuan, jaminan, perlindungan dan kepastian hukum yang adil serta perlakuan yang sama di hadapan hukum”. Demikian juga dalam pasal 28 I ayat 4 yang menyebutkan bahwa “Perlindungan, pemajuan, penegakan, dan pemenuhan hak asasi manusia adalah tanggung jawab Negara, terutama pemerintah”.
Hasil penyelidikan, baik yang dilakukan Komnas HAM pada tahun 2005 maupun yang telah dilakukan pihak internal TNI melalui sidang Dewan Kehormatan Perwira (DKP) pada tahun 1998 yang menyatakan Tim Mawar KOPASSUS sebagai pihak yang bersalah dalam peristiwa penculikan para aktivis prodemokrasi dapat digunakan sebagai dasar kerja dan legitimasi untuk melaksanakan rekomendasi DPR tersebut. Dokumen hasil penyilidikan Komnas HAM dan Sidang DKP nampaknya belum memberi keyakinan kepada Presiden yang notabene merupakan salah satu anggota DKP tersebut untuk mengambil tindakan yang segera dan efektif bagi penuntasan kasus penghilangan paksa 1997/1998. Presiden belum memperlihatkan keberanian untuk menepati janji dan agenda strategisnya semenjak terpilih untuk yang kedua kali, yaitu peningkatan kesejahteraan rakyat dan penegakan hukum dan HAM.
Keluarga korban juga terus mendesak kepada pemerintah untuk segera melaksanakan rekomendasi DPR tersebut. Bebagai macam cara telah dilakukan para anggota keluarga korban maupun pihak-pihak yang peduli terhadap perjuangan mereka. Upaya-upaya yang telah dilakukan seperti mendatangi pihak Komnas HAM, Kepolisian, Kejaksaan Agung, Menkopolhukam, DPR, hingga mendatangi markas KOPASSUS untuk menanyakan keberadaan 13 aktivis yang masih hilang maupun pengusutan para pelaku penculikan demi keadilan dan kepastian hokum. Aksi-aksi unjuk rasa dan tekanan-tekanan kepada pemerintah tak pernah lelah terus disuarakan para keluarga korban sejak mereka mengetahui dan melaporkan kasus penculikan/penghilangan paksa ke Komnas HAM selama 14 tahun ini.
Pada tahun 2012 ini penegakan, perlindungan dan pemenuhan HAM, khususnya dalam kasus penghilangan orang secara paksa mengalami kemunduran bila dibandingkan dengan beberapa kemajuan yang dilakukan pemerintah pada tahun-tahun sebelumnya. IKOHI mencatat bahwa dalam hubungannya dengan penuntasan kasus penculikan dan penghilangan paksa aktifis prodemokrasi tahun 1997/1998, beberapa kemajuan terjadi antara tahun 2009-2011, tetapi tidak pada tahun 2012 ini. Beberapa diantaranya adalah:
1. Penandatanganan Konvensi Internasional Bagi Perlidungan Semua Orang dari Penghilangan Paksa oleh Menteri Luar Negeri pada tanggal 27 September 2010
Tepat pada saat keluarga korban dan simpatisan melakukan aksi tenda di depan Istana Negara pada tanggal 27 September 2011 untuk mendesak Presiden segera mengimplementasikan rekomendasi DPR, Menteri Luar Negeri Marty Natalegawa menandatangani Konvensi Internasional Bagi Perlindungan Semua Orang dari Penghilangan Paksa (Konvensi Anti Penghilangan Paksa). Penandatanganan konvensi tersebut merupakan langkah pertama bagi partisipasi Indonesia sebagai Negara Pihak atau ”state party” yang menyepakati konvensi tersebut untuk diadopsi dalam sistem hukum nasional Indonesia melalui ratifikasi DPR.
Ratifikasi Konvensi Anti Penghilangan Paksa sesungguhnya menjadi kepentingan bersama seluruh rakyat Indonesia untuk menjadi dasar bagi masa depan agar tindakan penghilangan orang secara paksa oleh aparat Negara tidak terulang lagi. Proses demokratisasi yang tengah berlangsung di Indonesia tak akan lengkap tanpa kepesertaan Negara ini dalam konvensi tersebut. Hal ini bukan juga semata-mata sebagai instrumen hukum di Negara demokratis, ratifikasi konvensi internasioal anti penghilangan paksa juga sekaligus sebagai penyembuh trauma bagi bangsa ini yang berpuluh-puluh tahun sebelumnya berada dalam situasi represif.
2. Pemberian Surat Keterangan Status terhadap 13 Korban Penghilangan Paksa yang belum dikembalikan
Setelah melalui pendekatan keluarga korban yang cukup lama, akhirnya Komnas HAM pada tanggal 5 November 2011 mengeluarkan sertifikat/surat keterangan yang menyatakan status korban penghilangan paksa kepada 13 orang yang masih hilang. Sertifikat tersebut sangat penting dan bermakna bagi keluarga korban karena secara tidak langsung dapat menjawab stigma dan rumor bahwa korban penghilangan paksa tersebut sebagai orang-orang yang melakukan tindakan subversive sebagaimana kampanye kotor rejim Orde Baru. Pemberian SK Status Korban ini juga penting untuk menegaskan bahwa mereka yang disebutkan namanya dalam surat tersebut adalah benar-benar korban penghilangan paksa. Keberadaan sertifikat tersebut sekaligus sebagai bukti administratif terutama bagi kepentingan perwalian, kependudukan dan keperdataan terutama bagi anak-anak dan istri korban karena system administrasi kependudukan Indonesia tidak mengakomodasi status “hilang” kecuali hidup atau mati.
Sertifikat dari Komnas HAM tersebut juga sebagai petunjuk dan penegas bagi kepolisian RI dan Kejaksaan Agung untuk serius mencari mereka yang masih hilang dan mengusut tuntas kasus penghilangan paksa 1997/1998 sebagaimana tertuang dalam rekomendasi DPR.
3. Pembentukan Tim Kemenkopolhukam untuk menuntaskan kasus-kasus pelanggaran HAM Masa Lalu
Sebelumnya kami mengapresiasi pembentukan sebuah tim kecil terpadu di Kemenkopolhukam pada bulan Mei tahun 2011 yang ditugaskan untuk merumuskan kebijakan dan penyelesaian kasus-kasus pelanggaran HAM berat masa lalu. Namun kami kembali kecewa pada saat ini karena Tim Kecil tersebut lagi tak kedengaran beritanya, tidak transparan kerjanya dan tidak ada hasil capaiannya. Tim ini tanpa kejelasan, tanpa kepastian, dan tanpa keputusan. Harapan yang sempat timbul di hati para keluarga korban kini kembali redup. Semuanya masih misteri bagi para korban dan keluarganya.
4. Presiden akan Minta Maaf
Selama 3 tahun terakhir, kami juga mendapatkan janji bahwa Presiden SBY sebagai Kepala Negara akan menyampaikan perimntaan maaf secara resmi (official apology) atas berbagai pelanggaran HAM yang telah terjadi di masa lalu. Hal ini kembali ditegaskan oleh Albert Hasibuan, anggota Dewan Pertimbangan Presiden, yang beberapa kali menyebutkan bahwa presiden akan minta maaf kepada para korban dan keluarganya. Permintaan maaf oleh presiden diharapkan akan menjadi langkah strategis yang akan menegaskan bahwa peristiwa pelanggaran HAM yang terjadi di masa lalu merupakan tindakan yang tidak patut dan melawan prinsip-prinsip HAM dan kemanusiaan. Berbagai peristiwa yang menimbulkan banyak luka bagi bangsa ini jangan sampai terjadi lagi dan memberikan efek jera bagi para pelaku maupun institusi yang sering melakukan tindakan pelanggaran HAM tersebut.
Namun, lagi-lagi permintaan maaf yang dijanjikan anggota Wantimpres tersebut hanya sebatas wacana yang belum terbukti. Alih-alih akan meminta maaf, Albert Hasibuan dalam pernyataan terakhirnya justru menyebutkan bahwa permintaan maaf tidak mungkin dilakukan karena adanya resistensi dari lembaga maupun kelompok-kelompok yang menentang rencana permintaan maaf oleh presiden tersebut.
Dalam berbagai kesempatan, Presiden SBY selalu bilang bahwa kini demokrasi di Indonesia telah jauh lebih baik, dan tidak ada pelanggaran HAM selama ia menjabat sebagai Presiden. Pernyataan demikian menunjukkan perspektif HAM Presiden SBY yang sangat minimalis, terutama karena ia membandingkan situasi saat ini dengan situasi 10 tahun yang lalu, atau sebelumnya. Presiden SBY yang dipilih secara langsung oleh rakyat Indonesia seharusnya berani mencanangkan perspektif dan programnya yang lebih maju dan berperspektif ke depan.
Menjelang akhir tahun 2012 ini IKOHI mencatat adanya kemunduran besar dalam perjalanan perbaikan HAM dan demokrasi di Indonesia, terutama ketika pada tanggal 1 Oktober 2012 Menkopolhukam Joko Suyanto mengatakan apa yang terjadi dan dilakukan oleh pemerintah pada peristiwa 1965-1966 adalah sah dan karenanya pemerintah tidak perlu minta maaf.
Pemberian justifikasi (pembenaran) atas peristiwa pembantaian ratusan ribu orang atas nama menyelamatkan Negara pada tahun 1965-1966 bisa juga diartikan bahwa apa yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintahan Orde Baru pada peristiwa Tanjung Priok 1984, Lampung 1989, DOM di Aceh dan Papua, Penghilangan Paksa Aktifis 1997-1998, kerusuhan Mei 1998 dan lain-lain adalah juga dibenarkan, karena saat itu Negara juga menggunakan doktrin yang sama; doktrin keamanan Negara (national security doctrine) . Sikap Menkopolkam yang demikian, menunjukkan bahwa pemerintah saat ini masih menggunakan pola pikir dan sikap politik yang sama dengan pola piker dan sikap politik Orde Baru yang sudah kita ganti dengan sistem baru yang lebih demokratis dan lebih baik. Sikap Menkopolhukam, yang kami pandang sebagai sikap resmi pemerintah seperti inilah yang kami anggap sebagai sebuak kemunduran besar dan karenanya kami sangat menyesalkan.
Kesimpulan
Perlindungan dan pemenuhan HAM di tahun 2012 pada masa pemerintahan SBY ini masih jauh dari harapan dan minimalis. Janji-janji yang diucapkan sendiri maupun oleh para pejabat bawahannya masih berupa retorika-retorika kosong yang hanya menimbulkan kesan “seolah-olah”. “Seolah-olah” pemerintahan SBY adalah pemerintahan yang peduli dan gandrung akan HAM. Semuanya berhenti pada pencitraan, bukan kenyataan. Standar HAM Presiden SBY juga sangat minimalis, karena ia membandingkan kondisi saat ini dengan kondisi yang lebih buruk (masa otoritariansme Orde Baru atau sesudahnya), dan bukan kondisi yang lebih baik.
Bukannya melindungi dan memenuhi HAM bagi masyarakat dan para korban, untuk tujuan pencitraan positif tersebut, presiden menciptakan kanal-kanal untuk menampung dan memoderasi tuntutan korban, yang salah contohnya adalah dengan dibentuknya satu tim kecil terpadu di Kemenkopolhukam yang bertugas untuk merumuskan kebijakan penyelesaian pelanggaran HAM masa lalu. Hasilnya, sejak tim tersebut dibentuk 2 tahun lalu, kebijakan yang dimaksud sama sekali belum ada.
Kami juga menilai bahwa sikap pemerintah SBY terhadap berbagai pelanggaran HAM, termasuk penculikan dan penghilangan paksa adalah sikap “membantah” atau denial. Hal ini kita lihat dari pernyataan Menkopolhukam Joko Suyanto yang pada bulan Oktober 2012 mengatakan bahwa peristiwa 1965-1966 adalah sah dan karenanya pemerintah tidak perlu minta maaf kepada para korban, karena itu dilakukan untuk keamanan Negara (national security doctrine).
Sikap politik pemerintah SBY terhadap perlindungan dan pemenuhan HAM yang demikian (minimalis dan denial) membawa dampak langsung pada dikorbankannya kembali mereka yang telah menjadi korban pelanggaran HAM di masa lalu (reviktimisasi). Dampak reviktimisasi ini adalah semakin terpuruknya para korban dan keluyarga korban baik secara fisik maupun mental, serta ekonomi dan social. IKOHI mencatat bahwa dari 13 keluarga korban penculikan dan penghilangan paksa aktifis pro demokrasi 1997-1998 yang masih hilang, satu per satu orang tua mereka telah meninggal dunia, dan sisanya mengalami sakit fisik seperti stroke dan jantung, selain mengalami trauma dan depresi. Peristiwa yang baru saja terjadi adalah meninggalnya Ibu Tuti Koto, Ibunda dari korban penghilangan paksa Yani Afri atau Rian pada tanggal 5 Oktober 2012. Selain itu, hampir semua orang tua dari 13 korban penghilangan paksa itu kini mendapatkan layanan medis dan psikososial dari lembaga Perlindungan Saksi dan Korban (LPSK) karena sakit fisik dan psikis yang mereka alami.
Rekomendasi
Dari yang telah kami catat pada tahun 2012 ini, kami menyampaikan sejumlah rekomendasi untuk diimplementasikan oleh Pemerintahan Presiden SBY pada tahun 2013, yang merupakan periode terakhir sebelum Pemilu 2014 yang akan datang:
1. Presiden segera membentuk Tim Pencarian 13 Aktifis Prodemokrasi yang masih hilang sehingga mendapatkan informasi keadaan dan kondisi mereka (conclusive truth), untuk selanjutnya disampaikan kepada keluarga korban dan masyarakat supaya mendapatkan ketenangan dan kepastian.
2. Pemerintah segera menyerahkan dokumen pengesahan Konvensi Anti Penghilangan Paksa kepada DPR-RI untuk untuk disegera diratifikasi setidaknya pada Trimester pertama tahun 2013 .
3. Presiden segera mengeluarkan kebijakan politik emergency mengenai pemberian bantuan (interim relief) bagi kebutuhan mendesak keluarga korban penghilangan paksa dan korban pelanggaran HAM secara umum, terutama untuk kebutuhan kesehatan, pendidikan dan ekonomi.
4. Presiden segera mengeluarkan Kepres untuk digelarnya Pengadilan HAM Ad Hoc bagi kasus Penculikan dan Penghilangan Paksa Aktifis Prodemokrasi tahun 1997-1998 dan kasus lain yang kini sedang diberhenti di Kejaksaan Agung.
5. Presiden segera menyampaikan pengakuan dan permintaan maaf resmi atas telah terjadinya peristiwa pelanggaran HAM di masa lalu.
6. Presiden segera mengeluarkan kebijakan bagi dibentuknya sebuah lembaga untuk pengungkapan kebenaran atas peristiwa pelanggaran HAM berat di masa lalu.
Kami yakin, hanya dengan mengambil langkah demikian, Indonesia akan mampu memutus rantai impunitas yang membelenggu bangsa untuk melangkah tegap sebagai Negara demokratis di mana HAM dan keadilan dijunjung tinggi. Hal demikian juga akan menjadikan Presiden SBY meninggalkan hasil kerja dan landasan yang baik (legacy) bagi masa depan Indonesia sebagai sebuah bangsa.
Jakarta, 21 Desember 2012
TTD TTD
Ketua Sekretaris Jenderal
Mugiyanto Wanma Yetti
(081399825960)
Jl. Gugus Depan No 1, RT/RW: 003/02, Palmeriam, Jakarta 10320
INDONESIA
Tel/Fax: +62-21-8502226
Email: kembalikan@yahoo.com
Web: www.ikohi.or.id, ikohi.blogspot.com
I was with IKOHI, a national association of victims of human rights violation, and AFAD, an Asian federation of organizations working directly on issues of enforced disappearances, and later with INFID, as Program Director. Currently, I work as an Advisor at the Executive Office of the President of the Republic of Indonesia (KSP). I can be reached at mugiyanto@gmail.com.
Friday, December 28, 2012
Saturday, December 22, 2012
On Indonesian Mother's Day, 22 Dec 2012
The Brave Women Human Rights Defender
By Mugiyanto AFAD Chairperson
"Lose no hope . Keep fighting.
Guard the memories .
We wear heascarves with the names of our
disappeared children.
We also bring the pictures of our children.
These prevent us from forgetting them.
We need to show that the disappeared are human
beings; they have names, faces and families."
(Taty Almeida’s message to the Indonesian human rights movement, 25 April 2009)
In April 2009, the Indonesian human rights community received a visit by two special guests from Argentina. The special guests were neither the famous football players like Diego Maradona and Lionel Messi. Nor were they the popular first couple, President Cristina Fernandez Kirchner and her husband, former Argentinian president Néstor Kirchner. The two special guests were Señora Lydia Taty Almeida and Señora Aurora Morea of the internationally known Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo, Linea Fundadora. They came to Indonesia in order to commemorate the Indonesian Women’s Day (known as Kartini Day) and the 11th anniversary of the Commission for the Disappearances and Victims of Violence (KontraS).
From their physical appearance, they look like two 80 year old ordinary grandmothers. But from their stare and body language, we can see that they are women of strong character and whose years of pain and struggle have developed in them an inner confidence in their capacity to struggle for a world without desaparecidos. Their senior years have never ever diminished their persistence and courage in their struggle for life – for truth, justice, redress and the reconstruction of the historical memory of their beloved desaparecidos.
Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo Was Initiated by 14 Mothers….
Taty and Aurora are leading members of the well-known Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo –Linea Fundadora. If translated to English, it means “The Mothers of the May Square – the Founding Line.” It is an organization of mothers whose sons and/or daughters were made to disappear when Argentina was under the military junta from 1976 until 1983.
The establishment of the organization was started by those mothers who searched for their disappeared children from the police office, the military, ministerial offices, and even the churches. It was in these places that they met each other. On one occasion, one of the mothers, Azucena Villaflor de Devicenti, said to the others,
“If we do this alone, we will not get anything. Why don’t we go to the Plaza de Mayo, and when we organize as a group, Jorge Videla will certainly want to meet us .... “
On Thursday afternoon, 30 April 1977, 14 women gathered at the heart of Buenos Aires, in the Plaza de Mayo in front of the Casa Rosada.1 They were dressed in black with white scarves around their heads, wherein the names of their disappeared sons and daughters are imprinted and carried signs emblazoned with photographs of those whose whereabouts are unknown.
In Argentina’s Christian culture, women are highly valued and respected. Yet, despite their being women, their action was not safe. The military junta was apparently angry with the mothers. It did not only insult them by calling them the mad mothers of the Plaza de Mayo (Las Locas de Plaza de Mayo), but also threatened and terrorized them. Several times, they had to be dragged to the truck of the army and arrested a few days in the police office.
Furthermore, some of its leaders were also arrested, tortured and made to disappear. One of them was its founder, Azucena Villaflor de Devicenti who was made to disappear on 10 December 1979. In July 2005, the body of Villaflor, together with those of two other mothers, was identified by the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team (Equipo Argentino de Antropologia Forense or EAAF). The bodies showed fractures consistent with a fall and impact against a solid surface, which confirmed the hypothesis that the prisoners had been taken in one of the many “death flights” (vuelos de la muerte) recounted by former naval officer, Adolfo Schilingo. In these flights, prisoners were drugged, stripped naked and flung out of the aircraft flying over the Atlantic ocean.
Of the two mothers visiting Indonesia, Taty Almeida joined Las Madres because her son, Martin Alejandro Almeida was taken by military intelligence officers on 17 June 1975. When he disappeared, Alejandro was 20 years and a medical student. Until this day, Taty does not have any information about the fate and whereabouts of her beloved son.
Aurora Morea joined Las Madres because her daughter and son-in-law, Susana Perdini de Bronzal and her husband, disappeared and later killed. Susana was 27 years old, an architect who was active in political activities against the military junta. In an investigation and exhumation of the EAAF on this case, Susana’s remains were found and identified in 1999.2
A Success Story…
The long and difficult struggle of the mothers in Argentina and abroad since 1977 has resulted in the development of the international human rights mechanisms. In the late 1970s, issues of enforced disappearances came to the attention of the United Nations, which ushered in the establishment of the United Nations Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (UNWGEID) in 1980. More than a decade later, on 18 December 1992, the United Nations unanimously adopted the Declaration for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances.
Furthermore, the struggle of Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo, along with other victims’ organizations including the constituents of the Asian Federation Against Involuntary Disappearances (AFAD) and other international human rights organizations also have successfully convinced the United Nations to finally adopt a legally binding normative instrument, which is the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (herein after referred to as The Convention) in December 2006. In fact, Argentina is the second out of the 11 states, so far, to ratify the treaty. The Argentinean government has made clear its support to the establishment of an independent committee to monitor the treaty’s implementation. Other countries that ratified the Convention are Albania, Bolivia, Cuba, France, Honduras, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Senegal, Uruguay and Mali.
Because of the struggle of the Mothers of the May Square, the new president of post-military junta in Argentina, Raúl Alfonsín established the National Commission for Missing Persons (CONADEP). After working or one year, the CONADEP had successfully disclosed the practices of disappearances by the military junta within the period of 1976 - 1983 and issued a well-known report, entitled Nunca Mas (Never Again) which, as American Legal Philosopher Ronald Dworkin pointed out, it is “a report from hell.”
The Nunca Mas has successfully revealed the pattern of disappearances, places of clandestine detention, methods of torture and the identity of the victims and the perpetrators. In the working period of only a year, CONADEP was able to identify 8,000 victims, from the 30,000 persons whom they believe to have forcibly disappeared. The Nunca Mas was then used as one of the references to try members of the military junta responsible for the disappearances. The scheme of reparations for the victim was also undertaken in Argentina with reference to CONADEP report.
Las Madres of Indonesia; Women Human Rights Defenders
Like Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo, there are also many mothers of the disappeared in Indonesia. Gross human rights violations occurred in 1997 – 1999, particularly during the disappearances of pro-democracy activists, the May Riots and the shooting of students known as Trisakti, Semanggi I and Semanggi II (TSS). Since then, the Indonesian mothers of the disappeared began to struggle for justice and human rights in Jakarta, not to mention those mothers in other parts of the country, such as Aceh and Papua, who are also struggling for the same cause.
Starting at the end of March 1998, some parents began to worry because of the news that their children were abducted by the military. Among them were the parents of Faisol Riza; Raharja Waluya Jati; Mugiyanto (the author); Nezar Patria; Suyat Petrus Bima; Anugerah; Andi Arief; Herman Hendrawan and the wife of Wiji Thukul. The parents of Yani Afri, Noval Alkatiri, Yadin Muhidin and Ucok Siahaan followed. They all reported their missing loved ones to the Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence (KontraS), chaired by the late Munir.
They began to search for their disappeared loved ones by visiting the Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM), military headquarters, police headquarters, military police headquarters, House of Parliament, the Attorney General and different ministries of government in order to relay one common question: “ Where are our children? ” Until now, the question remains unanswered.
In the process of their search and continuing struggle, the mothers are the most persistent and brave. There were times in 1999 when in front of the House of Parliament and the Ministry of Defense, the mothers were those who defied the military which were completely armed and did all what they could to force them to leave. As musician, Margaret Wakeley mentioned about these mothers, “As long as mothers give birth to children, they will give birth to courage.”
A Message to the Struggling Indonesian Mothers
While in Indonesia, Taty and Aurora always delivered inspiring messages to their fellow mothers whose children have also disappeared. “Keep fighting, never surrender, never forget!”
In an exclusive interview with leading Indonesian English newspaper, the Jakarta Post, Taty said, “Lose no hope. Keep fighting. Guard the memories. We wear headscarves with the names of our disappeared children. We also bring the pictures of our children. In so doing, we will never forget them all the more. We need to show that the disappeared are human beings; they have names, faces and families.”
Like the goals of the madres in Argentina, the ultimate goals of victims’ families’ struggle in Indonesia go beyond their own personal interests. Transcending personal gratification, these goals are indefatigably being fought for the sake of the country’s future so that never again will enforced disappearances happen to anyone. “Let us be the last victims,” Misiati Utomo, a mother of a disappeared, emphatically said.
The appeal of “never forget” becomes very important and relevant in the context of Indonesia’s upcoming presidential elections. Some investigations by official state institutions, such as Komnas HAM, found out command responsibility involvement of the retired General Wiranto and retired Lieutenant General Prabowo Subianto in the cases of enforced disappearances and other human rights violations. Both military men are vice presidential candidates for the 8 July 2009 elections. Especially for the victims’ families and the human rights community in Indonesia, the candidacy of these persons is a threat to human rights. They should never be holding public office and instead, be held accountable for the atrocities they have committed.
For whatever reasons - ethical, moral, political, cultural or social - justice and accountability are imperative. Founded on this principle, one member of Las Madres said, “human errors can be pardoned; what is beyond the frontiers of humanity cannot.”
The visit of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo has inspired and encouraged human rights activists in Indonesia, particularly the women human rights defenders. Their visit was a real expression of genuine solidarity among victims of repression under military regime. As aspired for by one Indonesian mother, “it would be very ideal to strengthen such sincere international solidarity, extending it to other continents that are experiencing similar sufferings and having the same dream for justice.”
_____________________________
End notes:
1 La Casa Rosada, (Spanish for “The Pink House”), officially known as the Casa de Gobierno (“Government House”) or Palacio Presidencial (“The Presidential Palace”), is the official seat of the executive branch of the Government of Argentina. Source: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
2 Annual Report 2000 of the Equipo Argentino de Antropologia Forense.
Mugiyanto is the present Chairperson of the AFAD. He is the founding Chairperson of IKOHI. He himself has been a victim of enforced disappearance when he was kept in secret detention, during which he was physically and psychologically tortured by the Kopassus immediately after the fall of Suharto in 1998. Three months later, he was released.
Source: http://afad-online.org/resources/the-voice/august-2009-issue-where-are-you
By Mugiyanto AFAD Chairperson
"Lose no hope . Keep fighting.
Guard the memories .
We wear heascarves with the names of our
disappeared children.
We also bring the pictures of our children.
These prevent us from forgetting them.
We need to show that the disappeared are human
beings; they have names, faces and families."
(Taty Almeida’s message to the Indonesian human rights movement, 25 April 2009)
In April 2009, the Indonesian human rights community received a visit by two special guests from Argentina. The special guests were neither the famous football players like Diego Maradona and Lionel Messi. Nor were they the popular first couple, President Cristina Fernandez Kirchner and her husband, former Argentinian president Néstor Kirchner. The two special guests were Señora Lydia Taty Almeida and Señora Aurora Morea of the internationally known Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo, Linea Fundadora. They came to Indonesia in order to commemorate the Indonesian Women’s Day (known as Kartini Day) and the 11th anniversary of the Commission for the Disappearances and Victims of Violence (KontraS).
From their physical appearance, they look like two 80 year old ordinary grandmothers. But from their stare and body language, we can see that they are women of strong character and whose years of pain and struggle have developed in them an inner confidence in their capacity to struggle for a world without desaparecidos. Their senior years have never ever diminished their persistence and courage in their struggle for life – for truth, justice, redress and the reconstruction of the historical memory of their beloved desaparecidos.
Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo Was Initiated by 14 Mothers….
Taty and Aurora are leading members of the well-known Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo –Linea Fundadora. If translated to English, it means “The Mothers of the May Square – the Founding Line.” It is an organization of mothers whose sons and/or daughters were made to disappear when Argentina was under the military junta from 1976 until 1983.
The establishment of the organization was started by those mothers who searched for their disappeared children from the police office, the military, ministerial offices, and even the churches. It was in these places that they met each other. On one occasion, one of the mothers, Azucena Villaflor de Devicenti, said to the others,
“If we do this alone, we will not get anything. Why don’t we go to the Plaza de Mayo, and when we organize as a group, Jorge Videla will certainly want to meet us .... “
On Thursday afternoon, 30 April 1977, 14 women gathered at the heart of Buenos Aires, in the Plaza de Mayo in front of the Casa Rosada.1 They were dressed in black with white scarves around their heads, wherein the names of their disappeared sons and daughters are imprinted and carried signs emblazoned with photographs of those whose whereabouts are unknown.
In Argentina’s Christian culture, women are highly valued and respected. Yet, despite their being women, their action was not safe. The military junta was apparently angry with the mothers. It did not only insult them by calling them the mad mothers of the Plaza de Mayo (Las Locas de Plaza de Mayo), but also threatened and terrorized them. Several times, they had to be dragged to the truck of the army and arrested a few days in the police office.
Furthermore, some of its leaders were also arrested, tortured and made to disappear. One of them was its founder, Azucena Villaflor de Devicenti who was made to disappear on 10 December 1979. In July 2005, the body of Villaflor, together with those of two other mothers, was identified by the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team (Equipo Argentino de Antropologia Forense or EAAF). The bodies showed fractures consistent with a fall and impact against a solid surface, which confirmed the hypothesis that the prisoners had been taken in one of the many “death flights” (vuelos de la muerte) recounted by former naval officer, Adolfo Schilingo. In these flights, prisoners were drugged, stripped naked and flung out of the aircraft flying over the Atlantic ocean.
Of the two mothers visiting Indonesia, Taty Almeida joined Las Madres because her son, Martin Alejandro Almeida was taken by military intelligence officers on 17 June 1975. When he disappeared, Alejandro was 20 years and a medical student. Until this day, Taty does not have any information about the fate and whereabouts of her beloved son.
Aurora Morea joined Las Madres because her daughter and son-in-law, Susana Perdini de Bronzal and her husband, disappeared and later killed. Susana was 27 years old, an architect who was active in political activities against the military junta. In an investigation and exhumation of the EAAF on this case, Susana’s remains were found and identified in 1999.2
A Success Story…
The long and difficult struggle of the mothers in Argentina and abroad since 1977 has resulted in the development of the international human rights mechanisms. In the late 1970s, issues of enforced disappearances came to the attention of the United Nations, which ushered in the establishment of the United Nations Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (UNWGEID) in 1980. More than a decade later, on 18 December 1992, the United Nations unanimously adopted the Declaration for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances.
Furthermore, the struggle of Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo, along with other victims’ organizations including the constituents of the Asian Federation Against Involuntary Disappearances (AFAD) and other international human rights organizations also have successfully convinced the United Nations to finally adopt a legally binding normative instrument, which is the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (herein after referred to as The Convention) in December 2006. In fact, Argentina is the second out of the 11 states, so far, to ratify the treaty. The Argentinean government has made clear its support to the establishment of an independent committee to monitor the treaty’s implementation. Other countries that ratified the Convention are Albania, Bolivia, Cuba, France, Honduras, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Senegal, Uruguay and Mali.
Because of the struggle of the Mothers of the May Square, the new president of post-military junta in Argentina, Raúl Alfonsín established the National Commission for Missing Persons (CONADEP). After working or one year, the CONADEP had successfully disclosed the practices of disappearances by the military junta within the period of 1976 - 1983 and issued a well-known report, entitled Nunca Mas (Never Again) which, as American Legal Philosopher Ronald Dworkin pointed out, it is “a report from hell.”
The Nunca Mas has successfully revealed the pattern of disappearances, places of clandestine detention, methods of torture and the identity of the victims and the perpetrators. In the working period of only a year, CONADEP was able to identify 8,000 victims, from the 30,000 persons whom they believe to have forcibly disappeared. The Nunca Mas was then used as one of the references to try members of the military junta responsible for the disappearances. The scheme of reparations for the victim was also undertaken in Argentina with reference to CONADEP report.
Las Madres of Indonesia; Women Human Rights Defenders
Like Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo, there are also many mothers of the disappeared in Indonesia. Gross human rights violations occurred in 1997 – 1999, particularly during the disappearances of pro-democracy activists, the May Riots and the shooting of students known as Trisakti, Semanggi I and Semanggi II (TSS). Since then, the Indonesian mothers of the disappeared began to struggle for justice and human rights in Jakarta, not to mention those mothers in other parts of the country, such as Aceh and Papua, who are also struggling for the same cause.
Starting at the end of March 1998, some parents began to worry because of the news that their children were abducted by the military. Among them were the parents of Faisol Riza; Raharja Waluya Jati; Mugiyanto (the author); Nezar Patria; Suyat Petrus Bima; Anugerah; Andi Arief; Herman Hendrawan and the wife of Wiji Thukul. The parents of Yani Afri, Noval Alkatiri, Yadin Muhidin and Ucok Siahaan followed. They all reported their missing loved ones to the Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence (KontraS), chaired by the late Munir.
They began to search for their disappeared loved ones by visiting the Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM), military headquarters, police headquarters, military police headquarters, House of Parliament, the Attorney General and different ministries of government in order to relay one common question: “ Where are our children? ” Until now, the question remains unanswered.
In the process of their search and continuing struggle, the mothers are the most persistent and brave. There were times in 1999 when in front of the House of Parliament and the Ministry of Defense, the mothers were those who defied the military which were completely armed and did all what they could to force them to leave. As musician, Margaret Wakeley mentioned about these mothers, “As long as mothers give birth to children, they will give birth to courage.”
A Message to the Struggling Indonesian Mothers
While in Indonesia, Taty and Aurora always delivered inspiring messages to their fellow mothers whose children have also disappeared. “Keep fighting, never surrender, never forget!”
In an exclusive interview with leading Indonesian English newspaper, the Jakarta Post, Taty said, “Lose no hope. Keep fighting. Guard the memories. We wear headscarves with the names of our disappeared children. We also bring the pictures of our children. In so doing, we will never forget them all the more. We need to show that the disappeared are human beings; they have names, faces and families.”
Like the goals of the madres in Argentina, the ultimate goals of victims’ families’ struggle in Indonesia go beyond their own personal interests. Transcending personal gratification, these goals are indefatigably being fought for the sake of the country’s future so that never again will enforced disappearances happen to anyone. “Let us be the last victims,” Misiati Utomo, a mother of a disappeared, emphatically said.
The appeal of “never forget” becomes very important and relevant in the context of Indonesia’s upcoming presidential elections. Some investigations by official state institutions, such as Komnas HAM, found out command responsibility involvement of the retired General Wiranto and retired Lieutenant General Prabowo Subianto in the cases of enforced disappearances and other human rights violations. Both military men are vice presidential candidates for the 8 July 2009 elections. Especially for the victims’ families and the human rights community in Indonesia, the candidacy of these persons is a threat to human rights. They should never be holding public office and instead, be held accountable for the atrocities they have committed.
For whatever reasons - ethical, moral, political, cultural or social - justice and accountability are imperative. Founded on this principle, one member of Las Madres said, “human errors can be pardoned; what is beyond the frontiers of humanity cannot.”
The visit of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo has inspired and encouraged human rights activists in Indonesia, particularly the women human rights defenders. Their visit was a real expression of genuine solidarity among victims of repression under military regime. As aspired for by one Indonesian mother, “it would be very ideal to strengthen such sincere international solidarity, extending it to other continents that are experiencing similar sufferings and having the same dream for justice.”
_____________________________
End notes:
1 La Casa Rosada, (Spanish for “The Pink House”), officially known as the Casa de Gobierno (“Government House”) or Palacio Presidencial (“The Presidential Palace”), is the official seat of the executive branch of the Government of Argentina. Source: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
2 Annual Report 2000 of the Equipo Argentino de Antropologia Forense.
Mugiyanto is the present Chairperson of the AFAD. He is the founding Chairperson of IKOHI. He himself has been a victim of enforced disappearance when he was kept in secret detention, during which he was physically and psychologically tortured by the Kopassus immediately after the fall of Suharto in 1998. Three months later, he was released.
Source: http://afad-online.org/resources/the-voice/august-2009-issue-where-are-you
Tuesday, December 18, 2012
Vetting Master of Terror; Hardiono Saroso
On Saturday, 15 December 2012, the Commander of the Diponegoro Regional Military Command (PANGDAM IV Diponegoro) Maj. Gen. Hardiono Saroso said to journalists in Semarang, Central Java, "Never ever try to revive the PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) in Central Java and Jogjakarta. I will destroy them. I will kill them!" See:
http://www.solopos.com/2012/12/17/pangdam-ivdiponegoro-jangan-coba-coba-pki-bangkit-tak-pateni-358727
The statement was made in response to a Public Hearing activity by the victims of human rights violation in Central Java, initiated by the Coalition for Justice and Truth Revelation (KKPK) in Solo two days before.
The statement was seen by human rights community as unreasonable and as an expression of paranoia by the military for the reason that what the victims of human rights did in Solo, Central Java is to give testimony and tell the truth what what they experienced in the past, related to the case of tragedy in 1965/1966, kidnapping of activists in 1998 and the massacre in Lampung in 1989. This initiative was taken by the victims group with the support of KKPK and Komnas HAM and other public figures for the purpose of knowing exactly what happened in the past so that the government can deal with them properly.
While there are supports from broader public for Indonesia to deal with the dark past, the statement of Maj. Gen. Saroso is an exception, but is represent the real attitude of part of conservative element of Indonesian military. The statement of Saroso is not a surprise especially that he was one of the mastermind of the massive human rights violation in Timor-Leste when the latter was still occupied by Indonesia. He is one of the notorious military officer as we can see in the "Master of Terror" in the following website:
http://yayasanhak.minihub.org/mot/Hardiono%20Saroso.htm
Maj. Gen. Hardiono Saroso is a very concrete example how democratic Indonesia urgently needs to have "vetting measures", besides other transitional justice mechanisms, in projecting the better future for the nation against such figure (the same happens to Let. Gen. Sjafrie Sjamsuddin, Deputy Minister of Defense) from sitting on government officers. Otherwise, every single policy and step taken either by the government and civil society to deal with the past for the purpose of bringing the nation to move forward will be meaningless.
http://www.solopos.com/2012/12/17/pangdam-ivdiponegoro-jangan-coba-coba-pki-bangkit-tak-pateni-358727
The statement was made in response to a Public Hearing activity by the victims of human rights violation in Central Java, initiated by the Coalition for Justice and Truth Revelation (KKPK) in Solo two days before.
The statement was seen by human rights community as unreasonable and as an expression of paranoia by the military for the reason that what the victims of human rights did in Solo, Central Java is to give testimony and tell the truth what what they experienced in the past, related to the case of tragedy in 1965/1966, kidnapping of activists in 1998 and the massacre in Lampung in 1989. This initiative was taken by the victims group with the support of KKPK and Komnas HAM and other public figures for the purpose of knowing exactly what happened in the past so that the government can deal with them properly.
While there are supports from broader public for Indonesia to deal with the dark past, the statement of Maj. Gen. Saroso is an exception, but is represent the real attitude of part of conservative element of Indonesian military. The statement of Saroso is not a surprise especially that he was one of the mastermind of the massive human rights violation in Timor-Leste when the latter was still occupied by Indonesia. He is one of the notorious military officer as we can see in the "Master of Terror" in the following website:
http://yayasanhak.minihub.org/mot/Hardiono%20Saroso.htm
Maj. Gen. Hardiono Saroso is a very concrete example how democratic Indonesia urgently needs to have "vetting measures", besides other transitional justice mechanisms, in projecting the better future for the nation against such figure (the same happens to Let. Gen. Sjafrie Sjamsuddin, Deputy Minister of Defense) from sitting on government officers. Otherwise, every single policy and step taken either by the government and civil society to deal with the past for the purpose of bringing the nation to move forward will be meaningless.
Wednesday, December 12, 2012
The Main Justice and Human Rights Issues in Indonesia 2012
No Justice? Indonesia Struggles to Address History of Human Rights Abuse
December 02, 2012
(IRIN Photo/Mark Wilson)
Victims of alleged human rights violations in Indonesia, a country where human rights courts set up in 2000 have yet to convict a single case, are facing an uphill battle to bring perpetrators to justice.
Complete article, read: http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/no-justice-indonesia-struggles-to-address-history-of-human-rights-abuse/559367
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